The major obstacles to success for college students

Lack proper training is a major obstacle to achievement of success by college students. The training that a student gets is very critical especially in regard to the job market. The training should ensure that a student is well equipped with the right skills and knowledge to ensure that he/she has the right skills for the job. Some institutions fail to meet standards required for various job markets.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The major obstacles to success for college students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This may cause inefficiency, lack of motivation and confidence. The students will therefore not be eager to exploit their talents and as a result there will be low productivity when such students start to work. College instructors and teachers therefore need to teach students properly and offer them relevant training in accordance to the job requirement. Proper training encourages learners to put in more efforts and thus comes out successfully. Lack of a college advisor to advise and help students to choose the right courses as well as monitor their progress may also hinder student success. A university advisor will avail vital information about courses; such information will enable a learner to pursue an area of interest in which she or he is sure of succeeding. Students who are fresh from high schools or those who have stayed for a long time after completing high schools may take certain courses not because they are passionate about such courses but because of either peer pressure from other students and family members or because they are not sure of what they want to do. Lack of knowledge on the right course to undertake may affect achievement of a college student since the student may feel at some point that he or she is pursuing the wrong career and therefore feel wasted. A college advisor helps students to realize the importance of the course they are undertaking as we ll as the opportunities available at the job market thus motivating the students to work hard. Student advisors also help the students to work out some off pitch issues which may affect their performance in college.Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lack financial support is also an obstacle to college success. College affordability has become a major issue and even for those who can afford it, the tough economic times have forced them to look for cheaper ways of living. Many students are very much willing to pursue studies but funds have been a major problem. This in many cases leads to college drop outs. Sometimes family members may fail to offer financial support because they do not understand the importance of college education and they may view it as just a waste of money. The most affected group is those students that come from poor background. In addition, students who have children may be financially challenged because of the huge financial burden. This is because they are forced to take their children in day care, they need to pay for the house rents as well as pay the university. This could be a major challenge especially when the student is not getting any financial support from anybody else. Two elements of higher education in the U.S learned and their application in my home country There is flexibility on taken course (evening, summer and online classes) which helps many students to attend college and keep a part time job as well. Flexibility leads to convenience since one is able to attend classes without having to skip a day job, as one is able to choose a study time that suits him or her better. One is therefore able to undertake and balance several responsibilities without affecting others. Example, one is able to attend to his or her family, work and at the same time attend a college. This may not be possible without evening or online classe s. Moreover, one is also able to study at a time that best suits him or her because one has the chance to fix his or her own schedule. This is very convenient for United States students as they are able to effectively manage and utilize their time well. Differences and diversity of disciplines and universities to suit the country needs. Today we are living in an increasingly heterogeneous society and therefore it is very important to ensure that the needs of every individual are met. Diversity is not just a natural factor that needs to be recognized and respected but it greatly contributes to moving a nation forward. Creating different disciplines and universities to suit the needs of a nation will increases knowledge, wisdom and help a nation to focus all its energy in one direction. It also helps the students to be more comfortable and as a result produce better results.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The major obstacles to success for college students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the diversity of disciplines and universities have helped some disciplines to concentrate and focus better on some particular areas which they are good at and as a result specialization has been refined producing the highest quality of learning possible (MGH, 2011). Implementation Introduction of online classes should be implemented. Online classes will offer students opportunities to learn according to schedules that fits them best. The government therefore needs to set up better infrastructure that will enable colleges and universities to deliver an effective online education system. Universities and colleges could start by introducing classes to equip the new online learners with the basic knowledge. They also need to establish an office to assist online students especially when they are faced with problems. Universities should also develop advanced computer systems with effective inte rnet connections that are capable of running current software and programs. The may also need to have plug-ins and supported operating systems. The students on the other hand will just need to have a basic computer and internet connection to successfully undertake such an online course. This may be quite a challenge since the percentage of people who have computer and internet skills is very small, leave alone the percentage of people who go to college or universities. Introduction of diverse disciplines and universities to suit the country needs should also be implemented. Different disciplines and universities that specialize in a particular area should be introduced. Each university should be encouraged to pursue what they are good at as this will help colleges to shape specific students better. This will make it possible for regional specialization of universities to be possible. It will also help to ensure that the right standards are maintained. Introduction of online courses and increasing the variety of course within my country may be confronted with some challenges. One of the biggest confrontations will be limited universities and colleges as well as teachers. This might therefore be too hard to implement in a short time.Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The country therefore needs to build more schools if this is to be achieved. The path to the implementation will be quite slow but there is likelihood that all is possible and that more courses can be availed in the local universities. Reference MGH. (2011). Technical requirement for online classes. Institute of Health Professionals. Web. This coursework on The major obstacles to success for college students was written and submitted by user Abdullah H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Employment Relations Norms

Employment Relations Norms The process of recruiting new employees has become very crucial in the contemporary world. This is applicable to both small and large organizations of any structure or size. Organizations are required to have effective methods of recruiting and retaining current positions of employees in an organization. This plays a significant role in determining the performance of an organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Relations Norms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employment relations refer to the measures that are employed in an organization in order to facilitate good relationship between employees and employers. In other words, employment relations involve those activities that are geared towards the resolving and prevention of those problems that arise from the work of individual’s performance within an organization. It also entails the measures that are employed in promoting absorption of top pe rforming workers within an organization. In the contemporary world, many organizations have realized the need of facilitating effective employment relations in its operations. The most competitive organizations are the ones that have managed to maintain effective employment relations in their operations. However, there is a major concern on whether these needs are taken into consideration bearing in mind that we are in the era where organized labor has significantly declined. In every organization, leaders must be armed with adequate advice on how they can improve the performance of its employees. In order to achieve this, the employer must consider the disciplinary actions as well as the regulatory requirements (Deery 1999). The employers are also required to consider the necessary procedures that should be applied while addressing employees’ needs within an organization. This will significantly contribute towards promoting a good relationship between employees and the emplo yer. This plays a significant role in promoting the organizational goals.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In an effort to promote good relationship between employees and the employers, employees should be provided with adequate information. Armed with adequate information, employees will be in a position to understand the organizational goals and policies. Such information will help employees to conduct themselves accordingly in order to meet these goals. For instance, employees will be informed on the procedures that employers are required to follow in promoting or repositioning them within an organization (Anton 2011). The employer also has a responsibility of providing employees with the necessary information that will enable them to correct their poor performance both in the work place and off the workplace (Locke, Kochan and Piore). Again, this will play a sig nificant role in promoting good relationship between employees and employers. When employees are fully informed, they will for instance be ware of the required procedures that are acceptable in passing on their grievances. There are a number of reasons why every organization must promote effective employment relation. By maintaining good relationship between employers and employees, an organization is able to increase employees’ motivation, morale and consequently their productivity levels. This is because the employees are promised of protection from any kind of exploitation. Another advantage of effective employment relations is that it promotes fairness in an organization. For instance, the employer is required to employ people without discrimination. Promotion in the workplace is also guided by fairness. This ensures that only qualified individuals get particular positions. By maintaining effective relationship between employers and workers, an organization can reduce its costs significantly. This is because a firm is able to avoid time wastage through employees’ strikes or demonstrations. In stead, employees will be motivated hence committed in meeting organizational goals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Relations Norms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Anton. 2011. Employment Relations Web. Available at: https://www.essays24.com/essay/Employment-Relations/58620.html Locke, R., Kochan, T. and Piore, M., 1995. Employment Relations in a Changing World Economy. U.S.A., MIT Press. Deery, S., 1999. Employment Relations: Individualization and Union Exclusion: An International Study. Sydney, Federation Press.

Destination brand positioning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Destination brand positioning - Assignment Example Destination personality is helpful in building firm destination brands and creating a unique identity. According to the self-congruity theory, it is fundamental to use the target personality as a practical symbol for building strong brands (Lubbe, 2003). It further elaborates that a high match between brand and consumers personality can yield a more promising attitudes towards the brand. The emergence of the internet has tremendously helped in meeting the information need of both actual and potential customers. This is so due to its unique features such as worldwide accessibility, low cost, and increased marketing opportunities. However, it has also altered the way of destination as a product created marketed, maintained and delivered to its customers. According to Lube (2003), destination positioning is the process of establishing and maintaining a distinctive place in the market for an individual or organization product offering. In order to develop a positioning strategy, there are quite a number of procedure which an organization must follow. These includes internal analysis, market analysis, and competitor analysis. A lot of debates have been there concerning the issue of destination positioning. Therefore, it is important for service managers to identify how what their concepts are, how they should satisfy the wants of the customers in different markets amongst others. The success of global competition in the tourism industry depends on the factor conditions and the drivers of competitiveness. An econometric model is very helpful in the estimation of the destination competitiveness empirical index at a micro rank (Donald & Gammack, 2007). The survey points majorly on the measure of tourist demand for each destination and ide ntification of the factors that drive the transformation on the demand schedule in

American Lit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Lit - Essay Example It then narrows down to the nations within that continent. Furthermore, it becomes more specific which is the battlefield and finally it talks of a specific ground or position. Then from that specific position, it goes to a much broader scope, larger than the continent – the world. Once again it centers on the specific nation, then back to the larger position which is the earth, another name for the world. The presentation of geography is deductive, starting from the broader position then gradually focusing on its smaller components until it points to the specific position they (speaker and audience) are in. From that specific position it goes to the largest dominion that is the world and emphasizing the position of that specific nation in the largest scope, the earth. It can be illustrated as a number of circles within a circle, beginning with a big circle then into diminishing diameters or dimensions of circles within that circle. From among the small circles stands out one small circle which is the nation that the speaker is talking about. This is a good way of stressing and highlighting one’s point. It sort of compares and contrasts the degree of the importance of each position presented. This use of emphasis in Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address is indeed very effective. At first sight, without first reading the story, I guessed that the main character is Bartleby because the title of the story is his name. However, when I began to read the short story I became confused whether it is really Bartleby because there was so little known about him that the narrator has stated: â€Å"I believe that no material exist, for a full and satisfactory biography of this man† and that â€Å"Bartleby was one of those beings of whom nothing is ascertainable, except from the original sources, and, in his case, those are very small.† My doubts about Bartleby as the main character even increased as I continued to read

The Inadequacy of Sociological Perspectives in Assessing and Essay - 1

The Inadequacy of Sociological Perspectives in Assessing and Articulating the Situation and Experiences of Older people from Caribbean and Asian communities in UK - Essay Example This essay stresses that contrary to the notion that women are neglected in old age in Caribbean and Asian communities and men are well cared for it was found that many men did not feel that they are cared for, while women seem to be well off. This is largely due to the activities of the feminist elements in these communities that have made awareness about the plight of women, while men do not have any such support system. This finding was attested by earlier studies in the field. Sociologists have observed Stereotypes of Older Men. The lack of apathy felt by elderly men have been studied The study helped to explode the myth that Older men are powerful, affluent, and dominant in the home and in society among the Caribbean and Asian communities. But the fact is some are but not the majority of them. The research established that the elderly in minority communities do experience difficulties in old age. However, the main source of abuse is the relatives themselves. British medical system needs more awareness about the cultural diversity in their service. The present study only showed that elder abuse is still there in Britain. In the present study among the Caribbeans and Asians there have been cases of elderly abuse in nursing homes but in most cases the experience of abuse is somewhat subjective. The work of feminist organizations had a good effect in improving the conditions of women and similar work oriented towards men also can be salutary in improving the lot of older men. There is greater role for social watchdogs in old age care, as there are cases of abuse of the old in institutions.

Preoperative Hair Removal Carried Out As Skin Preparation Nursing Essay

Preoperative Hair Removal Carried Out As Skin Preparation Nursing Essay Traditionally preoperative hair removal has been carried out as skin preparation method to reduce exposure to bacteria which may lead to surgical site infections (SSI) (Gottrup et al 2005). SSIs are defined by Centres for Disease Control (CDC) as superficial, deep incision and organ infection. According to Miller (2001) hair has been removed for such reason as wound asepsis, suitable placement of bandages, and access to operative site and accurate approximation of wound edges. Though preoperative hair removal has been in practice since 18th century its impact on the wound site has been under contention and therefore attracted the authors interest in seeking ways of hair removal without skin damage. However there are concerns that hair removal increases rather than reduces infection, in a study carried out by Astegnau et al (2001) to identify mortality and morbidity related to surgical site infection suggested that shaving increased the risk of infection by facilitating colonisation o f bacteria in the operating site. Many organisations, Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses (AORN2006) and Association for Perioperative Practise (AFPP2007) have moved away from hair removal. There is no clarity in literature as to the origin of preoperative hair removal, but researchers conclude to the fact that the surgeons of the time believed that wounds might heal more quickly if hair could be prevented from becoming entangled in the sutures and wound during closure (Miller et al 2001). Shaving with a razor substantiated the emergence of preoperative hair removal in a systematic literature review by Kjonnisken et al (2002) as an established practice based on assumption of preventing surgical site infection. Some other methods, electric clipping and depilatory creams have been highlighted as having lower postoperative wound infection rates. Hair is associated with poor hygiene habits because it harbours bacteria and removing it is thought to reduce surgical infections (Kumar 2002). Hair removal is done by shaving with either a razor or a clipper which are believed to cause both visible and microscopic injuries (Briggs1997). The damage caused by a razor or a clipper can release flora-providing access to serous exudates on which micro organisms may grow (Small 1996). Skin is always a hunting ground for microbes. Once the skins protective barrier is diminished primarily by a surgeons incision, microbes can potentially contaminate the wound. Loius Pasteur in confirmation of the existing understanding into the world of infection hypothesized in his germ theory that invisible bacteria could cause surgical infection if they gained entry through the broken skin (Fogg 2003). A national audit in 2004 suggests that surgical site infections increases patients hospital stay, and increases health care cost by delaying wound healing, this causes major physical limitations and reduced quality of life (Whitehouse et al 2002). If occurring after discharge the patient is likely to be readmitted which is a burden to the patient and can even cause death (Plowman 2000). Surgical site infections occurs within 30 days after surgery, exudes pus and shows one of the following symptoms pain, localised swelling and redness according to the Centre for Disease Control (1999). While once accepted as a standard practise for surgical procedures, hair removal is now being considered in great depth in the research. This essay will review the role of hair removal in the perioperative setting and its impact on surgical site infections. The author will discuss research regarding nurses and doctors knowledge on recommended guidelines on hair removal methods, comparison and timing of hair removal methods and their relationship to incidences of surgical site infections. Keywords used for the search are preoperative skin preparation, hair removal, preoperative razor shaving, electric clipping, depilatory creams and surgical site infections. The databases utilised were CINAHL, Cochraine database of systematic reviews, Health Source Nursing and Allied Health Science. The studies were done in USA, UK, Canada and Turkey. Hair Removal Methods Razor shaving is the cheapest and most commonly used hair removal method (Tanner et al. 2007). Using a sharp blade held with the head of the razor that is drawn to the patients skin to cut hair close to the skin surface. Razor shaving increases bacterial infection rates (Basevi Lavender 2001). Another method entails the use of clipper that uses fine teeth to remove hair close to the skin leaving stubble of usually one millimetre in length. Heads are disposable and handles are disinfected between patients to minimise risk of cross infection (Tanner et al. 2006). A further method is the use of depilatory creams that utilises chemicals, which dissolves the patients hair. Cream has to be in contact with the hair for between 5-20 minutes. A patch test should be done 24 hours before using the cream as some patients can develop allergic reactions and some have sensitive skins (Kjonnisken et al .2002). Miller et al. (2001) conducted a retrospective study comparing all patients who underwent intracranial procedures in the last two and half years where hair was not shaved, to patients done three and half years back that were shaved, to determine whether no hair removal increase post operative infection rate. Results were documented as minor, moderate and severe. Of the 250 subjects used 150 patients were not shaved and 7% developed post operative wound infection compared to 6.6% infections in the shaved group. There was no statistical significance in these findings though the sample size is large for an organisational setting however the finding could not be generalised based on this number. An experimental study was performed on 82 patients who underwent abdominal surgery between November 30th May 2005 to determine the effect of preoperative hair removal on post operative wound infection. Patients were told the aim of the study and they signed consents. Inclusion criteria were pati ents who had not been hospitalised within the last 30 days and didnt have infections while being admitted. Control group with 39 patients were razor shaved and on 43 for study group clippers were used. Patients were observed for signs of SSI two days post operatively and 7% of the study group developed SSI compared to 25.6 % in the control group. The results are statistically significant but the sample size is small and the fact that abdominal surgeries are viewed dirtier than lower limbs makes findings hard to generalise however the length of time and the study design utilised would have enabled the establishment of rigor for the findings to be reliable. The study uptake therefore will be better with an increased sample size. Though the latest studies are endorsing hair clipping (Tanner et al 2006). (Boyce Pittet 2002), more studies need to be carried out. A double-blind prospective study was carried out between 2000-2004 for all patients undergoing spinal surgery (Celik et al. 2007 ) to determine the effect of razor shaving and increased rate of postoperative site infection compared to no hair removal. The shaved group consisted of 371 subjects and the unshaved group comprised of 418 subjects. Patients were fully informed about the study and consents obtained. The subjects were randomly allocated according to pre-surgical shaving status. Exclusion criteria involved patients with skin conditions acne, furuncle and sebaceous cyst, patients with nutritional deficiency and medical conditions like diabetes and cancer. Same skin preparations were done in both groups. Both subjects received prophylactic antibiotics. Postoperatively, both groups were observed for signs of infection redness swelling and purulent discharge and bloods taken to check erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Infection was higher in the shaved group (p=.01) 4 patients in a shaved group (1.07%) developed infection and in only 1 patient in the unshaved group (0.23%). The findings suggest that preoperative hair removal increases postoperative infections. This study was ethically approved and both methodology and aim were clear and concise. These all confirm its reliability however giving antibiotics during procedures may mask the results causing the study to be unreliable. A randomised control study was conducted by (Menendez et al. 2004) aiming to assess the effects of preoperative shaving of pubic hair on postoperative bacterium after urological surgery. A sample size of 300 patients was used. 149 patients were shaved and 151 were not shaved. In both groups urine samples were taken for culture before being given prophylactic antibiotic and again at one week before the catheter was removed. In the shaved group 19.5% developed infection as compared to 16.6% in the non-shaved group. The difference was found not to be statistically significant. The results were based on testing urine samples than in the wounds making the study invalid. There is no clarity about ethical considerations and if the aim and purpose of the study was explained to the subjects and whether the consent obtained was informed. The prophylactic administration of the antibiotics makes the study to be unreliable and not valid. In Cochraine collaboration review data Tanner et al. (2007) conducted eleven randomised controlled trials to evaluate the effects of routine preoperative hair removal with razor as opposed to no hair removal in postoperative infection. The authors concluded that there is no sufficient evidence to prove that hair removal causes an increased risk of surgical site infections. However the study suggested the use of clippers or depilatory cream when necessary to remove hair with an idea that both methods results in fewer surgical site infections. Comparison of hair removal methods Trussell et al. (2008) conducted a thirty nine month observational study where razor shaving utensils were removed and replaced with clippers. The sample size consisted of one thousand eight hundred and twenty seven patients undergoing coronary bypass procedure. There was an in-service training for both nurses and doctors to teach them the effects of razor shaving, instructing them how to use electric clippers which is thought to be less traumatic to the skin when removing hair .The rate of sternal infections decreased from 3.5% to 1.5 %(p= .001) when using electric clippers. The qualitative method and the design of the above study suits the sample size, and neither observational bias nor antibiotic masking of the findings were introduced in the study resulting in a proper analysis of the data. The results also showed that the removals of razors and staff education not to use them for shaving were cost effective, and time effective. Costs related to preoperative hair removal are associated with postoperative infection and longer stay of patients in the hospital. A prospective report of Cruse and Ford (1980) cited in journals a-z Spine (2007 insert author here) with the objective to evaluate post operative clean surgical wounds in 3 groups. In a prospective observational study they compared patients shaved with razor, electric clippers and those with no hair removal. They did long term follow up on 62,339 patients. In this study the patients were not scrubbed with antiseptic solution. Their findings were that only 2.8% infections occurred in patients whose hair was removed by clippers compared to 3.2% in razor shaved patients and 0.9 in unshaved group. The sample size is good, the method and aim is clearly explained this makes the study reliable and rigorous. The results of a similar study carried by Zetner et al cited in spine (2007 insert author here) for patients who underwent craniotomy found that infection rate was lower in patients whose hair was removed with clippers observational studies favoured clipping. Shaving Versus Depilatory Cream A randomised controlled study conducted by Kjonnisken et al. (2002) included 400 subjects for abdominal surgery divided in three groups. In shaved group 12.4% develop infection, 7.9% in the depilatory group and 7.8% in non shaved group. The results are unreliable proof of effects of hair removal because the use of antiseptic solutions and giving antibiotics during the operation has affected the validity of the study. The study design being suitable for a quantitative method of study could be considered unfruitful due to poor detailed explanation of the randomisation method. Seven trials involving 1213 subjects were included which consisted of mixed surgical procedures in 1 trial. There was a variation in times of outcome assessments ranging from 2 to 28 days. Overall results 10% (65/670) patients developed surgical site infection in the shaved group compared to 7 % (38/543) who were in a group of cream hair removal. The results of this study are not reliable because 3 of the trials did not report at what period the assessment was carried out. Observational studies showed more significant effect when using depilatory cream, although creams reported adverse effects such as skin allergies and reactions. TIME AND PLACE Another phenomenon evident in literature in relation to hair removal methods causing postoperative surgical site infections is time and place of hair removal. There is evidence that the adverse effect of bacterial access and growth produced by razor and clippers is worsened by the interval between shaving injury and surgery. The timing of hair removal has been determined according to health workers schedule rather than in response to scientific evidence. Tanner et al. (2006) argued that there is little evidence that supports the assumption that removing hair as close to time of surgery minimises the time of bacteria to colonise the cuts caused by shaving. Surveys have found that a majority of hospitals have policies to remove surgical site hair the evening before surgery. A randomised study of 1,013 patients cited in Advanced journal of nursing 2006 (who is the author) showed no significant difference in numbers of surgical site infections when skin was shaved the evening before or day of the operation (p=0.69). One trial of 531 patients found that 5.1% of patients shaved the day before surgery developed surgical site infections compared to 6.5% of patients shaved on the day of surgery (where is the ref.). This seems to oppose hair removal close to the time of surgery. The same study compared using clippers on the night before surgery and on the morning just before surgery. Results were in favour of clipping in the morning before sur gery (p.0.027 on discharge). This was maintained at a 30-day follow up (p=0.006)( what is the meaning of this.) One prospective observational study conducted by Alexander 2003 cited in (Joanna Briggs systematic literature review 2007) with sample size of 536 patients found that patients shaved 12 hours before surgery had lower risk of surgical site infections than patients shaved less than 2 hour prior to surgery. ( why is this so) A survey was carried out on 589 surgeons in Canada comparing their practises to recommendations of evidence based guidelines on preventing surgical site infection. A list was generated using the database of College of Physicians and Surgeons currently practising in the province. The study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Board. Surveys were emailed to the participants and only 242 were returned by mail without return address with 63% showing non compliance with the recommendations. Compared with general surgeons, gynaecological and plastic surgeons used razors than clippers, p=.004. (why are these hanging) A questionnaire-based survey was conducted between February and April 2005 to assess the opinions and practices of surgeons and ward staff with regard to patients hair removal. The answers suggested that they were not up to date with the literature and its effect on postoperative wound infections. If attitudes are to change, the surgeons need to develop a protocol with clear guidelines as to when and by what technique they need hair removal to be performed. Recommendations and Implications to Practice As patients advocates nurses need to play an important role in reducing the incidences of surgical site infections. Nursing procedures that are harmful to the patients may breach codes of professional standards. Alongside the nurses ethical duty to protect their patient it is important that nurses are aware they may be held legally accountable for their actions. Most hospital acquired infections can be prevented by implementing effective, preventive strategies throughout the patients surgical journey. Nurses have to develop patients education materials on proper hair removal. Whenever hair is to be removed it should be done by someone who has knowledge of appropriate technique and is skilful to the procedure. Through continued staff educational programmes and in-service education on the use of clippers to improve compliance with professional recommendations and promote patients safety. Nurses need to assess patients skin prior to hair removal to identify any potential risk of cuts. T hey must keep abreast with research findings incorporating resulting guidelines into practice. To maximize their advocacy role with regards to preoperative hair removal, nurses must work together with infection control staff, supply management and risk management to minimise the risk of infections.(why). The research into preventing surgical site infections found that preoperative hair removal is not necessary to reduce the risk of infection and should be avoided. The studies reviewed show there is a relationship between shaving with razor and increased surgical site infection rates. Different hair removal practises are recommended by organisations that set guidelines and standards for practice (Guidelines for Centre for DISEASE CONTROL and AORN 2007 (Recommended practice for skin preparation) states that hair removal is not necessary unless it interferes with the incision, draping and putting dressings. If hair needs to be removed they recommend using clippers instead of razor, for they are safe and easy to use. Norwegian centre for health technology assessment argues that there is no strong evidence in favour of or against hair removal, and recommend not to avoid preoperative hair removal. Although evidence is limited on the timing of clipping, its recommended it has to be done as close to the time of surgery preferable two hours before. They further specify that hair should be clipped using a single use electric clipper with a reusable head that can be sterilized between patients. However the authors opinion is that clippers with disposable heads should be utilised since it is more cost effective and time saving when compared to sterilisation. They recommend hair clipping outside the operating room to minimise the dispersal of hair which have potential of contaminating the sterile field and surgical wound (Mews 2000). Hospital infection society working party guidelines recommend using cream a day before surgery. Depilatories may be used if skin testing has been done following the manufacturer instruction, without tissue irritation. Since creams can be messy patients may be advised to use them before turning up for admission. Some hospitals still continue routine hair removal long after dissemination of recommendations against it. The author believes that it is an indication to audit hair removal procedures and adhere to the recommended guidelines and policies. In addition to the clinical advantages, clippers are also cost effective. One study by Trussell et al (2008) estimated a cost saving of $270,000 per 1000 patients when shaving was replaced with clipping. The study also concluded that long-term savings should be considered due to reduction of the incidences of postoperative wound infections. Other studies reported cost comparisons between wet razors shave and use of cream finding cream to be expensive. This cost saving was limited, covering only minimal direct costs rather than full range of direct and indirect costs of shaving items compared with the cost of depilatory cream. The use of depilatory cream was also found to be effective, though there are limitations to its use due to time factor. Conclusion Surgical site infection is one of the commonest health associated infections. Surgical site infections can occur in 10% of patients each year resulting in delayed wound healing, increased hospital stay, unnecessary pain, readmission and even death. Seemingly there is no scientific basis of preoperative skin shaving. Studies illustrates that preoperative hair removal methods have been found to be the causes of surgical site infections, because of the cuts they cause on the skin making it to be colonised by microbes. Hair clipping is considered the favoured method of hair removal but its not without error. Preoperative hair clipping protocol was developed in 2003 (by who) and literature reviews have proven that these policies are still relevant. Studies have also reinforced the importance of staff education which will help to strengthen the use of electric clippers. Nurses must keep abreast of research findings to be able to support their rationale for change when championing this crusade to their medical colleagues. Through these efforts the surgical team can provide the safest environment to reduce the risk for the development of surgical site infections, promoting positive outcomes for all surgical patients. Future research wi ll determine the effectiveness and success of clippers which improves patients safety against surgical site infections.

Forgetting the Pain :: World Peace Terrorism Essays

Forgetting the Pain The world as we know it is in dire need of serious changes in the way humans go about interacting with each other. This is often realized by leaders of generations who have become notable as a result of their dedication to progress in this field. Many who approach the struggle have different causes they stand behind, however the goal remains the same: to convince others of tolerance, acceptance, and equality. For Martin Luther King it was segregation, for Gandhi it was the British tyranny in India, and for me it is the hatred and murder between the Israeli’s and the Palestinians. Hatred begets hatred, violence leads to more of the same, and their will never be peace between Israel and Palestine until this becomes apparent to all parties involved. The history of the land is rich with culture and tradition, yet it is shadowed by the blood and countless massacres of the innocent. The roots of the land stretch deep and the religious fervor is intense, yet the weapons of destruction of past wars in this land are left standing as a reminder to the people of the long standing hatred and fear of yesteryears. Both the Israeli’s and Palestinians have been wronged. And neither seems to let that pain go. As each side feels more threatened, each results to more desperate measures, in hope of sending out the message â€Å" We will not sit down and die, and will fight to preserve our cause in any way we can.† Deaf ears on both sides receive and send this message. Just as when two people scream at the top of their lungs, fail to listen to each other. When talking to Israeli’s during my travels to their homeland for my senior year in high school, their plight became apparent to me, their hatred has spawned out of feelings of fear and distrust. For this, I cannot blame them. Their history is one of persecution, in fact some may argue that the very existence of Israel was created as a result of one of the greatest tragedies the world has known, which happened not but sixty year prior to present day. Their history in the land of modern day Israel has not been a â€Å"walk in the park† either. Dating back to the first settlements, which were purchased from Palestinians, was constantly raided and the inhabitants were slain.

Patronage During the Italian Renaissance

Introduction: Imagine being an artist in Florence during the 1400-1500’s. The city would be a lively place bursting with numerous aspiring artists. Of the young men learning their trade as best as possible, most will not achieve centuries of notoriety. The ones that do earn the honor of being remembered today all had a common theme; wealthy patrons, including wealthy individuals, guilds and the church. Throughout the Italian Renaissance, the artists who achieved the most success were the artists who acquired the most notable patrons.Probably the most famous of these patrons were the Medici’s and, like other patrons, they were rich and powerful. The power did not always come directly from running the government, but because they had enough financial influence over the people in the Florentine government they indirectly influenced how the area was run. This influence means they had connections with the most important people of their day, important people who would also cr eate commissions for the artists. Powerful families were not only financially secure, but had excess money to spend on expensive items such as bronze sculptures.For the patrons it was all about showing off what they could afford to other wealthy families. Wealthy families influenced the arts because they wanted to show off, it was politically wise, and they actually appreciated the arts. These reasons lead to a profound impact upon the patron-artist relationship and the art produced during the Italian Renaissance period. Patronage To Flaunt The Medici’s were a highly affluent family and they desired to show off their excess wealth. Basically, they wanted to flaunt their wealth.Once the more expensive things in life, such fancy clothes are bought and a fancy party provided for all the friends, what else is there to do with such an excess of money? Becoming a patron of the arts was not always in association with a love of art, but because the people who could afford it wanted t o show off their wealth and prestige. One of the very best ways to do this was to purchase extravagant and expensive artwork, because it is long lasting and highly visual. One example of prestige is the tabernacle for the Church of the Annunziara in Florence.It was commissioned by Piero d’Medici and the inscription states that the marble alone costs 4000 florins. (Burke, p 98) Another proof this reason for patronage was so common is the statement, â€Å"the majority of the types of commission just referred to were determined by the taste and outlook of the upper middle class. † (Antal, p134) Many other sources assert the same exact thing. Most commissions were done according to the taste of the upper middle class because they were the people competing with one another to have the most extraordinary art.It is easy to invite people over and show the art to them or conveniently place artworks in public places to feature to clients and coworkers. This is a social practice widely used today and was in no way different during the Italian Renaissance. Political Scheming A wealthy person might support the arts based on politic scheming. If the wealth holder is a patron of the arts, then it shows he respects the talents of other men and is willing to support those other men. To quote Machiavelli, â€Å"A prince ought to show himself a lover of ability, giving employment to able men and honoring those who excel in a particular field. (Burke, p99) For someone with political aspirations, living this type of life would prove to political supporters how aware he or she is of other people’s abilities. And when someone supports those abilities as just a regular member of society, that support will likely increase as the person rises in power and wealth. The Medici’s exemplified this by the amount of art they increasingly commissioned as they increased in wealth and climbed their way to control over Florence. An example of political scheming is Bot ticelli’s Adoration of the Magi.It was commissioned by Guasparre di Zanobi del Lama, to be an alter piece for a chapel in the Santa Maria Novella. Traditionally, paintings of the magi are painted to pay religious homage to Christ, and the Magi who travelled to see him. In this particular version, Botticelli paints likenesses of the Medici into the people including depicting Cosimo de’Medici as the Magi kneeling before Jesus. It is believed that the he painted such a powerful family into the painting because of his patron’s desires. Guasparre del Lama wanted the Medici painted as the prominent characters to show his respect for the powerful family.People rarely show such a public display of adoration for a politically powerful family without having personal, underlying political motives. Ultimately, this man used his influence on the arts as a method of getting attention from the Medici family. (â€Å"Analysis: Botticelli’s â€Å"Adoration of the Magiâ⠂¬ Ã¢â‚¬  2010) Positive Patron-Artist Relationships When the artists developed a positive relationship with the patron, it proved highly beneficial for the individual artists. These benefits were primarily financial, including the potential for more work from the same patron.This can be seen many times over, including the example of Raphael with Pope Julius II. If the artist’s work pleased the patron, they would be likely to higher the same artist for more art, which would in turn lead to a stable income for the artist. In order to please the patron, the artist had to follow their specifications. Raphael completed many masterpieces for the Pope, including 3 frescoes in the Vatican. These pieces are proof that in order to please the Pope, Raphael had to incorporate him into the art.One source explained the School of Athens and the Disputa as the earthly and celestial wisdom of Julius II, while the Parnussus shows the beauty of creativity. The Expulsion of Heliodorus from th e Temple symbolizes the expulsion of the French and the subjugation of all the church’s enemies, with Julius II depicted witnessing the scene from his portable throne. In the Uffizi gallery in Florence there is a fresco completed by Raphael, showing the Pope as a resigned, pensive old man instead of a victorious Moses springing to his feet, as Michelangelo portrayed him.What the artist wanted in his paintings was irrelevant compared with the need to please the patron and continue acquiring commissions. (Barnett 2007) Not all artist-patron relationships were entirely business oriented. For proof of this more positive impact, it requires a look at Michelangelo and Lorenzo de’Medici. Unlike Raphael and Pope Julius II, Michelangelo’s relationship with Lorenzo Medici was much deeper. They were as close, if not closer than many fathers and sons.Michelangelo lived with the Medici’s for two years as a teenager because Lorenzo saw his talent and invited him to liv e at the Medici palace and study art while he was there. Lorenzo greatly appreciated his talents and was a constant source of encouragement to the young Michelangelo. There was a tradition in the Medici household, that the most prominent people were allowed to sit down first, and Michelangelo was allowed to sit before Lorenzo’s own son. Michelangelo returned the favor by carving the impressive marble relief, The Battle of the Centaurs for Lorenzo.Because of the bond the two shared, it did not come as a surprise to anyone that he went into a temporary depression upon Lorenzo’s death. Artists developing positive relationships with their patrons that heavily impacted their personal lives as well as their careers were rare for the time, but did occur on occasion and had an extended influence on their entire lives. Networking through Patronage Another major benefit that occurred from pleasing the patron was the networking. When the patron liked an artist, and another wealth y friend wanted to commission a piece of art, they would recommend the artist they liked most.Most often, when the need for an artist was announced, the artists interested would begin pestering the patron. A letter would achieve the pestering if the artist was not currently in the same city. This constant bothering involved the artists convincing their wealthy connections to encourage the patron to select them or reminding the patron of the positives concerning their working relationship. In these cases, the patron would pick the artist based upon their own personal working relationship with the artist.In 1474, news spread in Milan that the Duke wanted a chapel in Pavia to be painted. The duke’s agent is recorded as complaining that all the painters, â€Å"good and bad† were bothering him about becoming the artist for the chapel. (Burke, 101-102) Trouble often arose concerning the contract between the patron and artist over what had to be done, how it was to be done, w hen it would be done and how much it would cost. One well-known example requires looking at Michelangelo’s experiences with Pope Julius II.The strain between the two was constant and caused many complications. In order to get Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel, Julius II had to first convince him to return to Rome. Something Michelangelo did with the assumption that pleasing the Pope would allow him to start working on the tomb again. How they agreed on what exactly was depicted in the Chapel does not have any specific source in the contracts, but most art historians would agree that it was a source of contention initially between the two obstinate men.And as the work progressed, Pope Julius II would show up and create new tension by telling Michelangelo to work faster. Despite the constant struggles, the Sistine Chapel was completed, which is not true for every patron-artist relationship gone south. The relationship between the patron and artist could easily become str ained resulting in frustration, unfinished works and a bad experience. But like the Pope, other wealthy families usually still commissioned paintings and sculptures because they enjoyed owning them. Even if working with an artist could be stressful.Artists would in turn continue to complete works commissioned from frustrating patrons because they provided a continuous livelihood. (King, 2003) Other Patronage Topics Another question brought to mind by the Sistine Chapel is whether great art would exist if the patron was not there to fund the art and to push the artist. Not all patrons were quite as pushy as Pope Julius II, but all patrons had some kind of say in how the paintings and sculptures were created. Proof of this is found in the surviving contracts from this time period.Without these contractual agreements and without the constant bothering from the patrons, many artworks would probably never have been completed. Due to the artist getting distracted by other work or simply n ot being interested in that particular piece anymore. A type of art that has not yet been discussed yet is architecture. Patrons who commissioned buildings were typically guilds or major groups in society, instead of individuals. But these types of patrons also had major influences on the architects. Brunelleschi’s Dome focuses on a major example of how the architects were influential.These guild patrons often helped competitions to decide who got the work instead of just going and picking someone. In the book, Brunelleschi was the main focus, but other people were brought up, such as the people he worked with and competed against. Prestige is the main factor behind competition, and competing against people who are already well known would have been difficult, so for Brunelleschi to compete anyway must have required a high amount of confidence. Especially after the rivalry between Brunelleschi and Ghiberti sparked by the gates of paradise ompetition lead Brunelleschi to focus on architecture instead of goldsmith artwork. Meaning the challenge of capping Santa Maria del Fiore must have appealed to him so greatly; that he did not care whom else he competed against. Its very pleasing that he gets the ultimate victory of the Dome, because that is the main architectural aspect of Florence and the baptistery doors exist in the shadows of his masterpiece. This method of earning a commission fueled rivalries and competition, which added to the competitive nature of art during the Italian Renaissance.This competitive nature in turn created the best work possible from each artist. When recognized for winning a competition, the artist would achieve high levels of fame that could make a career noteworthy. (King, 2000) Conclusion: Those with wealth affect everything because they are the ones with power. Art did not manage to escape that, especially throughout the Italian Renaissance. The motivation for each patron varied from political reasons, to the purpose of per sonal enjoyment, to the desire of flaunting to others.Sometimes their impacts limited the artists, other times they helped the artist become better skilled and more notable. Either way, the relationship between the patrons and the artists heavily influenced the final artistic product. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Burke, Peter. The Italian Renaissance: culture and society in Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. [ 3 ]. Pluribus One Consulting, LLC, â€Å"Analysis: Botticelli’s â€Å"Adoration of the Magi†. † Last modified 2010. Accessed November 16, 2012. ttp://pluribusone. wordpress. com/2010/09 [ 4 ]. Barnett, Peter. iartid, â€Å"Art in History. † Last modified 2007. Accessed November 16, 2012. http://artid. com/members/art_in_history/blog/post/164-famous-patrons-and-their-influence-pope-julius-ii. [ 5 ]. Burke, Peter. The Italian Renaissance : culture and society in Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. [ 6 ]. King, Ross. Michelangelo and the Pope's Ceiling. New York: Walker Publishing Company, Inc. , 2003 [ 7 ]. King, Ross. Brunelleschi's Dome. New York: Penguin Books, 2000.

Learning Styles and Personality Types in a Group Dynamic

Learning Styles and Personality Types in a Group Dynamic When working in a group environment, one will encounter different people who think, learn and act in different ways. In order to succeed, we must understand these differences and how to use them to our advantage while working with others. Multiple Intelligences When Gardner developed his Multiple Intelligence theory, it gave people a new insight to the way we learn. This breakthrough also helped us to work more effectively with one another as well as how to better communicate with each other. Verbal-Linguistic Someone who is Verbal-Linguistic is very simply good with language. A Verbal-Linguistic person will excel with writing, talking or listening. Therefore, to better work with this type of an individual, one should either write notes or have a face-to-face conversation. This way the Verbal-Linguistic person can best understand and contribute to the group. Intrapersonal Intrapersonal individuals excel at being alone and their own thoughts and feelings. They may at first seem to be a detriment to a group because of their tendency to want to be quiet and observe. This behavior may be seen by others as someone who does not want to work together or contribute, which can lead to conflict. To work with someone who is intrapersonal, one should be aware that they might not express their ideas openly. Any tasks that need to be done that don’t involve the group as a whole could be delegated to this individual. Visual-Spatial Artwork, design and formatting are all things Visual-Spatial people do best. When working with someone who is Visual-Spatial, it will help to not give long speeches. Visual-Spatial learners best learn and contribute through the use of pictures, maps and diagrams. To effectively make use of these individuals, any tasks that relate to this would be best. Personality Types According to the Myers-Briggs Personality Test, there are four types of personalities: thinker, organizer, giver and adventurer. When working in a group, it is beneficial and essential to understand what types of personalities lie within your group. Organizer If someone is an organizer, they tend to be focused on details. This is good for a group because they will be very thorough in each task making sure everything is complete and accurate. To best work with organizers, make sure each requirement is clear and defined and everything is understood and laid out in a clear manner. Adventurer Adventurers seek to do things in a non-conventional way. They may want to take a more active approach to the project as opposed to standard discussions and writing. In some groups this may be seen as a waste of time or unwillingness to complete the task up to the group standard. Allowing adventurers to take a different approach, even if it is not used in the final product, will not only allow them to understand the material better, but it could also add different elements into the group project that might not have been thought of that could raise the quality of the project as a whole. Thinker When working with thinkers, it is important to understand the need to work alone. Like individuals who are intrapersonal, thinkers work best by themselves. To help make them feel more at ease in a group environment, allow them to complete tasks that do not require the entire group. While working with the group at large, thinkers will be useful to solve problems the group may be facing during a task. Conclusion Assessing the learning styles and personality types of the members in your group is essential to the group’s ultimate success. Failure to use member’s strengths could result in conflicts and not achieving the goals the group has set. When each member is utilized in a way that they are strong in and in a way they are comfortable in, they will not only be productive and active within a group, but also achieve a higher quality of work which will only help the whole group succeed.

Moral views of Natty Bumpo from the essays

Moral views of Natty Bumpo from the essays Natty Bumpo is the main character of James Fenimore Coopers Leatherstocking Tales. His moral views are based upon his religious devotion to absolute, not relative, truth, the truth that is in accord with the laws of nature. Hence his acceptance of cultural pluralities and his tolerant understanding of different moral views. Since Natty Bumpo is conceived as a mythical figure, he is given a very vague origin. He hardly remembers his early childhood and white family. In the Deerslayer Cooper informs the reader only that Natty was raised by some missionaries among the friendly Indian tribe, the Delawares. Natty is proud of his white origin and though he has grown up among the Indians and has formed a deep and a life-long friendship with the young Delaware chief Chingachgook, he never becomes indianized. Though he has never accepted formal religion, he remains a Christian and his last wish is that something from the Holy Book be written on his tombstone. Natty Bumpo is illiterate and knows rather little about the world beyond the wilderness. In the wilderness, however, he has no rival. His eye is sharp, his hand quick, his shot precise. He knows the laws of the forest. From nature he has learned prudence, foresight, responsibility, respect, humility and simplicity. The forest is both the source of his existence and his great love. He objects to any kind of purposeless destruction of nature. Natty Bumpos greatest gift is the reverence for life, though he is a hunter and a fighter, and can never be seen without his rifle, Kildeer. His extraordinary skill with the rifle limits his killing to utmost necessity. He considers human life to be much more valuable than any property. He fires only when his life is absolutely endangered. Natty is endowed the greatest gift God has given man, the faculty to distinguish good from evil. He is surrounded by Indians, both good and evil, as well by the white fro...

Advanced Accounting Theory and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advanced Accounting Theory and Practice - Essay Example The use of fair values in accounting for financial instruments to provide information to users of financial statements has been tested by cases of extreme market conditions. Fair value accounting has had a fair share of praises and criticisms. This assignment aims at explaining some potential criticisms, and evaluating whether they are correct and where they are overstated. The main objective of this assignment is; to illustrate whether users of financial statements are advocates of fair value accounting. Fair value measurement aims at estimating, as best as possible, the prices of financial instruments and how these instruments would change hands in orderly transactions based on current conditions and information. To achieve this goal, firms incorporate current information about their future cash flows, and current risk-adjusted discount rates into their fair value measurements. The standard requires firms to use available market prices for similar positions to estimate fair values. This requirement relies on the fact that, market prices should replicate all publicly available information about future cash flows as well as current risk-adjusted discount rates. In some cases where market prices for similar positions are unavailable, firms estimate fair values using relevant valuation models. These models are applied using observable market inputs; interest rates and yield curves, and unobservable firm-supplied inputs; expected cash flows from the firm’s own data. Fair values e stimated using valuation models are referred to as mark-to-model values, whereas those estimated using unadjusted or adjusted market prices are referred to as mark-to-market values (Wallison, 2009). Firms report the fair values of the positions they currently hold on their financial statements. This standard also requires firms to report on periodic changes in the fair value of their current position. These periodic changes are indicated as unrealized gains and losses

Article Review on General Moters Debacle Research Paper

Article Review on General Moters Debacle - Research Paper Example General Motors had to call back approximately 1.6 million cars in order to fix their switches which were causing sudden shut down in cars while in motion. The faulty ignition switches are reported to be linked with dangerous driving situations which resulted in 31 crashes and 13 victims in America since 2004 (Young, 2014). As more and more details are revealing about the faults identified in ignition switches it has become clear that the management of General Motors acted extremely irresponsible. On the other hand analysts have also indicated that the corporate bureaucracy of General Motors is significantly slow in responding to the customers’ safety and security issues (Young, 2014). This actually leads to the non-consideration of business ethics and morals while ignoring the fundamental needs of customers. For instance, in the book ‘Business Essentials’ Ebert and Griffin have stated that it is the prime responsibility of corporation to abide by the law and ethics which basically requires them to develop quality products. Moreover, the management must be able to positively contribute to the society (Ebert, 2014). However, if we see the role of General Motor’s management then it is clearly reflected that they did not act ethically which also compromising the greater social c oncerns and corporate social responsibilities of the organization. The CEO of General Motors, Mary Barra said that she came to know about the problem of ignition switches in January. On the other side Robert Lutz who is the global product development’s Vice Chair denied to have any information about ignition switch issues until recently (Young, 2014). When CEO was asked about why she wasn’t informed about the ignition switch faults then she responded that her being unaware of the incident should not be shocking for the prosecutors because General Motors has approximately 219,000 employees (Muller, 2014). The organization is involved in very complex business operations